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Internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin, known as East Berlin, which was also administered as the state's de facto capital. Geographically, the GDR bordered the Baltic Sea to the north, Poland to the east, Czechoslovakia to the southeast and West Germany to the southwest and west. Several of the GDR's leaders, notably its last communist leader Egon Krenz, were later prosecuted for offenses committed during the GDR times. The GDR ceased to exist when its states ('Länder') joined the Federal Republic of Germany under Article 23 of the Basic Law on 3 October 1990.

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The following year, a free and fair election was held and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. In 1989, numerous social, economic and political forces in the GDR and abroad, one of the most notable being peaceful protests starting in the city of Leipzig, led to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the establishment of a government committed to liberalization. In 1951, a referendum in East Germany regarding the remilitarization of Germany was held, with 95% of the population voting in favour. Those captured spent long periods of time imprisoned for attempting to escape. Many people attempting to flee were killed by border guards or booby traps such as landmines. The government fortified its inner German border and built the Berlin Wall in 1961. Emigration to the West was a significant problem as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people such emigration weakened the state economically. Although the GDR had to pay substantial war reparations to the Soviets, it became the most successful economy in the Eastern Bloc. Prices of housing, basic goods and services were heavily subsidized and set by central government planners rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. The economy was centrally planned and state-owned. The SED made the teaching of Marxism–Leninism and the Russian language compulsory in schools. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), although other parties nominally participated in its alliance organization, the National Front of the German Democratic Republic. A satellite state of the Soviet Union, Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948 and the GDR began to function as a state on 7 October 1949, although Soviet forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. The GDR was established in the Soviet zone, while the Federal Republic of Germany, commonly referred to as West Germany, was established in the three western zones. Most scholars and academics describe the GDR as a totalitarian dictatorship. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin but did not include it and West Berlin remained outside the jurisdiction of the GDR.

Its territory was administered and occupied by Soviet forces following the end of World War II-the Soviet occupation zone of the Potsdam Agreement, bounded on the east by the Oder-Neisse line. Commonly described as a communist state, it described itself as a socialist 'workers' and peasants' state'. In 1959, the East German government issued a new version of the flag bearing the national emblem, serving to distinguish East from West.Įast Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic ( GDR German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, pronounced ( listen), DDR, pronounced ( listen)), was a state that existed from 1949 to 1990 in east Germany as part of the Eastern Bloc in the Cold War.

The initial flag of East Germany adopted in 1949 was identical to that of West Germany.

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